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簡體中文 ???? ????, ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???: 1945 ?? 1951, ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?????????? ?? ????????? ???? ????: ???? (?????????? ?????????????, ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???) ?? ?????? (???????? ?????????????, ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???) ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???: 1951 ?? 1960 ?? ????? ???? ?? ???, ?????????? ?? ?????????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??, ?? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? 1953 ???? 30MHz ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????????? ??? ????? ????; 1958 ?? 60 ??????????, 100 ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ???? 1950 ?? ??? ?? ???? ???, 1H-NMR, 19F-NMR ?? 31P-NMR ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???: 60 ?? 70 ????, NMR ???????????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???, ?????? ??? ?? 13C ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??; ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????????; ???? ???: 1970 ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ???????????? ????? ???????? 1,200, 300, 500 ?????????? ?? 600 ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ??????????????; 2, ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?????????, ?????????? ??? ???? ?????; 3, 2 ??-?????? ????? ????; 4, ?????-??? ????????, ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??; 5, "?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????" ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????, ????? ????????: 1? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????, ?? ???-??? ????????????, ?????? 2 ????????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????????, ???? ?? ???????????, ???? ?????????????? ???? 3. ?????? ????????, ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??, ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ???4? ??????? ????????, ????? ????? ?? ??????, ???? ?? ?????????????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? 1. ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???????: ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????, ?? ?? ????????, ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???, ??, ??, ?, ?? ???? ?????????? ???? ??? ???? ??????????? ???, 12C, 16O ???-??????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????, ????? ???????, ????????? ???? ??? ???? ?? 1H ????????? ???????, ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??? 13C ??????? ???? ??, ???? 12C 1.1% ??, ?? ?????? ??????????? ???? 1/64 ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ?? 1H ?? ???? 1/6000 ?? ??? ???????????, ????????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? 30 ?????? ???, ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??, ???? ?? ??? ??? 13C ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??, ?? ???? ??????? ????, NMR ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? 1H, 19F, 31P ????????? ??????? ????, ????? ???????, ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????, ????????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????2? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????① ???????: ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? H0 ?? ?????? ?? ???, ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??????: ????????? ???? ??? ??, ?? H0 (????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????) ?? ????????? ???② ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????: ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????, ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? H0 ??? (2I + 1) ?????????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????????????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?? ?????????? (???????, ??????) ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????, ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??, ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????: ????? ??????? ??????? ?? 0 ?? ????? ???? ???, ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? H1 ?? ???????? ?????????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? H1 ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??, ?? ???????? ????? H1 ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????3? ???????? ?? ???????????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? 0.001% ???? ??? ?????, ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??, ??????? ???? ????? ??????, ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????, ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????-???? ?? ?? ???? ??, ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????, ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????, ?? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ??, ?? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???, ??-????? ????? ????? ?? ????-????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???, ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????-????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????, ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????, ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???4? ????? ?????? - ???????? ?????① ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????, ???? ????? ?? ???, ΔE = (h / 2π) γ · H; ??? H0 ?? ???, ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ΔEΔE = E ???? = hν ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? H0 = 2.3500 ??, 100 ?????????? ?? 1 ?? ?????? ???????, 25.2 ?????????? ?? 13 ?? ?????? ???????② ???????? ???: ???????? ???? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????? (??? ????, ????? ????) ??????? ???: ????-?????? ???? (??????) ??? ??, ???? ???????? ????, ????????? ???? , ???????????????? ?????????, ?????????????? ????? ?????? ????: ??0 = 2.3500 ?? ???, ??? ?? ????? ???????????? ?? ????, ?????? ?????? ???, ???????? ??????? ??????? 2.3500 ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????????? ??????? 100 ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? 1H 0 ?? 10 ??, ?? 13C 0 ?? 250 ?? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ?????????? ???? ???, ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???, ????? ?? ???????????? ????????? (????????) ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??, ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??, ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??, ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????, ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ???, ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? 60 ?????????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? 100 ?????????? ?????, ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? 1000 ?????? ?? 1700 ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ???, ??? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ????????, ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??, ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ???5? ?? ?????? ???????????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????: ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????: ???????? ??????? ?? ???????????? ???????, ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????: ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????: ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????① ??????? ??????② ??????? ?????????????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???????????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??③ ???????????? ?????????-???????????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? , ?? ?????????????????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ??: ?? ????? ?????? ?????, ?????? 2 0.5-5 ???, ????? 4-7 ???, ???????? ?? ????, ?? ?????? ?? ??????; ??????, ??????, ???????? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ?????????? ??? ?? ????? ??, ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????????? ???? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??? α ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??, ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??; ?? β ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??, ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??, ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????
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