???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????: ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????. ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ???????. ?? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????.

??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????. ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? (Fe) ???????? (C)? ?????????? (Si)? ????????? (Mn)? ????????? (P)? ???????? (S) ?????? ????? ????. (??? ??????? ???). ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???????????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? (???? ?????? ???: ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????)? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??????. ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ????. ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ???????.

        ?? ???? Fe-Fe3C? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????. ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? (?????? F? ?????????? A ????????? Fe3C). ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????. ???? ?????? ????? ???????????? ?????:

??? ??????

 ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? BCC ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? F. ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? (30-100 HB). ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????. ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????. ??? ???? ????? AC1? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? 0.0218%? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? 0.0084%. ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????. ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????. ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????.

Ⅱ.??????????

 ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????????. ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? A. ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? 2.11% C ??? 1148 ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? 0.77% C ??? 727 ???? ?????. ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????????. ????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? 170-220 HBS? = 40-50%. ????? TRIP ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????????. ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????. ????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???????. ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ???? ???????????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????.

Ⅲ. ??????

 ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????. ???? ?????? ???????? Fe3C ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? 6.69%? ???? ????? (Fe, M) 3C ?? ???????. ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? 800HB. ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????.

 ?????. ??????

 ???????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????? P. ??????? ????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????????? ?? ???????. ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???????. ????? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????: ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????.

 ?. ????? ????????: ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????: ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????.

?. ???????? ??????: ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????. ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????. ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????: ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????.

?? ?????

???????? ?? ???? ???? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? MS ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????????. ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ?????? B. ????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? (???? B) ??????? ???? (???? B). ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????. ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????. ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????. ?????????? ???????? ????? ???????. ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????: ????? ??????? ?????????.

?. ????? ??????:

????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? (?? ???? ????) ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????.

?. ????? ??????:

????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????????. ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? 55-60 ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????????.

?. ????? ???????:

?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ???????. ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???? ??? ??????/??????????? ??? ???? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ??????. ???? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????. ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????.

(?) ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????. ??? ?????? ??????????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ????.

(2) ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????.

(3) ?? ???? ????? ??????????? ????? ????????.

??? ????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? (??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????). ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??????. ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? 55 ~ 60 ???? ?????. 

??????. ?????? ????

???? Widmanstatten ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? 60 ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????. ???? ???? Widmanstatten ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????. ?? ??????? ???? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????. ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???????????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????. ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? Widmanstatten. ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???????????.

Ⅶ.????????

????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????????. ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???. ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? M. Martensite ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? MS ?Mf. ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? (?????? ???????) ?? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? (???? ?????) ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? (???? ?????) ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? (??????????) ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????. ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? (????? ???????) ??????????? ?????.

?. ???????? ?????:

??????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ???????. ??? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????. ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????????? ????????. ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????????.

 ?. ???????? ????:

????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??: ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ?????. ????? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ????. ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????????. ???? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????????? ???? ??????. ??? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????????.

 ?. ???? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????????? ???? ??? ???????:

(?) ???????? ???:

???? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? (?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???????) ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? (???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????) (??????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???????) ???? ?????. ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????????? (??????)? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? (??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????). ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? "?????????? ??????".

(2) ???????? ???:

???? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? (????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????)? ?????????? ???????? ????? ? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????. ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????. ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????.

(??????) ???????? ??????:

???? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????. ?????? ??: ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????. ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????????. ???? ???? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????. ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????.

Ⅷ.?????????

??????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? FERROCARBON? ?? ????? FERROCARBON ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? (????? ???????) ???? 4.3%? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? 1480 ???? ?????. ??? ?? ?????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? 727 ???? ?????? ??? ??????????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ??????. ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??????????? ??? 727 ???? ????? ???? ??????????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? (L d)? ????? ??????????? ??? 727 ???? ????? ???????????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? (L'd). ???? ????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????.